6 Ways Companies Are Using Data Analytics to Reduce Expenses→

Expense reduction is a constant goal for most companies. Fortunately, data analytics can assist with keeping costs down in several ways. Here are six of them.

1. To Cut Fleet Management Expenses

There’s a rising trend in equipping vehicles from company fleets with Internet of Things (IoT) sensors that give management personnel details about things ranging from truck routes to driver fatigue.

One company that participated in a research study to pinpoint the effects of big data analytics on logistics operations found it was possible to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by relying on data analytics software.

Other applications include depending on sensor data to inform maintenance needs, which could cut costs associated with breakdowns, or using the data to assess which drivers frequently engage in risky practices that make those employees liabilities for their companies.

2. To Lessen Instances of Employee Turnover

Human relations professionals are familiar with the extensive costs associated with employee onboarding. But, the total expenses could climb even higher if employees are poor fits for the company and leave quickly after getting hired. According to 2018 data from Work Institute, employers will pay $680 billion in turnover costs by 2020, and companies could prevent 77 percent of turnovers.

Many companies use analytics before hiring candidates because it allows them to analyze information, such as the likelihood of someone aligning with a company’s culture. Big data can also track trends that could indicate a person currently working at a company is getting frustrated in the role and might leave for another opportunity.

As such, businesses that use data analytics in these ways could avoid the costs associated with training new employees that don’t stick around, or not recognizing when an employee is so unhappy they want to leave.

3. To Manage and Minimize Indirect Costs

Indirect costs are those associated with the operations of a company, but not related to products sold. Statistics indicate reducing indirect costs could save companies more than 25 percent in overall expenses. The categories of indirect expenses vary by each enterprise that incurs them, but some of the common ones include rent, utilities and office supplies.

Companies can’t start to reduce their indirect costs without knowing the average amount they spend on things each month. Big data analysis helps in this area by providing baselines that inform enterprises of their most substantial indirect expenses. Then, people can start figuring out where to make improvements.

One accessible way for companies to get started is to invest in IoT utility products like smart light bulbs and thermostats. Those items typically let users know statistics such as the average amount of energy used per month. Some even give tips for cutting utility bills.

Plus, printers and copiers can predict future supply needs based on usage patterns, then alert users to order things like ink and toner before those things run out. People can also log in to specialized dashboards to study trends.

4. To Shorten Testing Processes

Companies frequently go through tests associated with segments of their target markets before launching new products or updating their websites. Such testing helps avoid failures that could occur when businesses don’t connect with their audiences. Analytics platforms make tests less time-consuming, and thereby not as expensive.

Chime Bank wanted to increase the number of people signing up for new accounts and believed personalized content would help reach that goal. When choosing new content for its website, the company deployed a predictive analytics platform that used artificial intelligence to make the process more efficient. Doing that enabled the company to test 216 homepage versions and 21 ideas in only three months.

5. To Avoid Making Customers Upset

Businesses must not overlook how unsolved grievances may cause customers to get frustrated, leading to a rise in preventable costs. According to a report from NewVoiceMedia, there’s a rise in “serial switchers,” or people who willingly go to other providers after getting displeased with the former ones due to bad experiences.

Coverage from Forbes about the report says poor customer service costs brands more than $75 billion annually. But, high-tech analytics software, such as what many call centers use, can evaluate characteristics like tone of voice and word choice to determine when customers start to get frustrated.

Also, Salesforce has a platform called Customer 360 that aims to soothe customers differently. It allows customer service representatives to see the full picture of a customer’s interactions during communications. Then, a caller does not have to keep explaining their situation over and over again to workers in different departments.

6. To Monitor for Cyberattacks

Cyberattacks can disrupt website functionality, erode consumer trust and lead to decreased employee morale, among other adverse effects. Moreover, companies often do not anticipate the total expenses of those issues. A 2019 report from Radware found the average cost of a cyberattack was $1.1 million.

Data analytics platforms for cybersecurity purposes can check network traffic continually and give notifications of suspicious behavior that could indicate breach attempts. Many offerings have AI components, too.

Data Analysis Makes Expense Reduction More Straightforward

It’s not easy to assess where and how to cut expenses. But, these examples show how data analysis can help people make those judgments with confidence.

DOE Lighting Rollback Proposal Will Cost Consumers Billions→

The U.S. Department of Energy’s proposal to dramatically narrow the scope of light bulbs covered by the upcoming federal 2020 energy efficiency standards will cost consumers up to $12 billion on their utility bills and cause up to 25 more coal burning power plants’ worth of electricity to be generated every year. This extra electricity use, enough to power all the households in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, translates into 34 million tons of additional climate-changing carbon dioxide emissions each year.

DOE’s new proposal rolls back most of the definition that was previously updated in early 2017 by DOE under the Obama administration, and needlessly provides a lifeline for the inefficient incandescent and halogen bulbs designed to go into 2.7 billion sockets—just under half of all conventional sockets in the United States—even though more energy-efficient models exist today. Now, instead of the energy-wasting versions being phased out as scheduled, three-way bulbs, reflector bulbs used in recessed cans and floodlights, candle-shaped bulbs used in chandeliers and sconces, and round globe bulbs typically used in bathroom lighting fixtures would be exempt from the federal standards that require all general-service lamps (GSLs, the regulatory term for everyday light bulbs) to meet a minimum efficiency limit of 45 lumens per watt (LPW) by January 1, 2020. Lumens are the amount of light produced, and watts the amount of power used.

The 45-LPW standard essentially prohibits the future sale of incandescents and halogens because they cannot meet this minimum efficiency level. Instead, consumers will choose between efficient, long-lasting CFLs and LED bulbs as of January 1, 2020. Consumers are likely to purchase LEDs because of their superior performance.

But if the bulbs going into almost half of America’s light sockets are now excluded from the 2020 efficiency standards because they are not part of the general-service light bulb definition, a huge amount of money and energy will be wasted. It adds up to annual lost savings of $12 billion in 2025 alone.

And if this revised definition is adopted, the United States will be positioned to become the world’s dumping ground for inefficient light bulbs, as they have already been phased out throughout Europe and elsewhere, with similar phaseouts planned in many developing countries.

The announcement was made within hours of Daniel Simmons being sworn in as the new assistant secretary in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), which administers energy efficiency standards. DOE didn’t stop there, however, as the agency today also issued a separate proposal to change its Process Rule, which would make it harder for DOE to update or set new energy efficiency standards for any product in the future, whether it be a refrigerator, hot water heater, or air conditioner. The proposal sets up all sorts of barriers designed to slow progress and compromise the highly successful standards program that saves the average household more than $500 on their energy bills every year. Meanwhile, the Trump administration has made essentially no progress on efficiency standards for appliances and equipment since taking office in early 2017. The DOE is required by law to review standards within a set time frame, and yet it has missed 16 deadlines for energy-saving standards, plus many more for test procedures.

Why LEDs Are Far Superior

The old incandescent light bulbs are so inefficient that up to 90 percent of the energy they use is wasted as heat. They get so hot you can burn yourself when you touch one. LEDs, on the other hand, are extremely efficient in the way they produce light. In fact, you can replace an old 60-watt incandescent light bulb with an LED bulb that only uses 10 watts but produces the same amount of light. Today’s LED bulbs are available in the same shapes as the incandescent and halogen bulbs they replace, making them a perfect drop-in substitute.

LED bulbs produce the same quality of light, turn on instantly, are dimmable, and last 10 to 25 years under normal operation of three hours per day, compared with just one to two years for most incandescents and halogens. They’re also available in a range of colors—from the “warm” yellowish-white light many of us associate with incandescent bulbs to the “cooler” bluish-white light of some newer bulbs—so LED users are sure to find a bulb that meets their needs and tastes.

Due to their superior energy efficiency and longer life, LED bulbs are extremely cost effective. Each LED bulb can save consumers between $50 and $100 over its lifetime compared with the equivalent incandescent or halogen. Plus, the consumer avoids the hassle and cost of having to replace the bulb every year.

An Energy-Saving LED for Virtually Every Socket

LED light bulbs are widely available in an assortment of shapes and light outputs from a variety of manufacturers. Below are sample images of the new LED bulbs and the inefficient bulbs they replace.

Reflector Bulbs

There are roughly 1 billion sockets in the United States today that contain a reflector bulb. These include track lighting and the increasingly popular recessed cans, also known as downlights, in new and remodeled homes. Drop-in LED replacements are widely available in all the same shapes, light outputs, and beam angles. The LED model shown below uses 7 watts instead of the 65-watt incandescent version.

Round Globe Bulbs 

DOE’s scope rollback would allow the ongoing sale of inefficient round globe incandescent bulbs. There is nothing different about these bulbs other than the shape of the enclosure, being round instead of pear-shaped like the most common bulbs. One can easily imagine consumers picking this bulb for their fixtures (due to the product’s slightly lower purchase price) instead of the LED, if the pear-shaped incandescent is no longer available. The LED replacement for a 60-watt incandescent globe bulb only uses 6 or so watts.

Candelabra/Flame Bulbs

Chandeliers can easily contain six or more candle/flame-shaped bulbs. These bulbs, termed candelabra bulbs, have a narrow or medium screw base, and the incandescent version typically uses 25, 40, or 60 watts of power, depending on its brightness. But energy-efficient LED replacement bulbs that last 10 to 25 times longer are widely available from a broad range of manufacturers in a variety of styles. Three-Ways

Three-Ways

While three-way bulbs are not that common today, their sales could easily skyrocket once the 45-LPW standard for conventional pear-shaped A-lamps goes into effect in 2020. Consumers who are looking for roughly the same amount of light as their old 60-W or 100-W incandescent or equivalent halogen bulb could simply buy a three-way incandescent. And these can be purchased for less than $1 on the web today. Three-way LED replacement bulbs are now widely available, and while they cost a bit more to purchase, they use a fraction of the energy and have a payback of less than a year.

DOE Can Still Do the Right Thing

The facts are clear and unambiguous—long-lasting, energy-saving bulbs already exist for the types of bulbs DOE proposes to exempt from the regulations, which could cost our nation up to $300 billion in cumulative lost utility bill savings by 2050. It would be outrageous if DOE and the Trump administration adopt this gutted definition of light bulbs and deny consumers the benefits of commonsense standards that will ensure a money-saving, energy-efficient bulb for every socket in the nation. This is a rollback that no one can afford.

Halogen lighting heads into the sunset while LEDs are on the rise →

From Sept. 1 this year, almost all halogen lighting will be phased out in Europe to make way for more efficient and cost-effective solutions. This is the last of a number of European Union (EU) Eco-Design measures, which were first put into place in 2009 to bring the industry closer to meeting targets set out under the energy strategy for 2020.

The incandescent light bulb has existed for over 130 years; however, about 90% of the energy it produces is in the form of heat as opposed to light, making it hugely inefficient. That translates into 75% more energy used than LED alternatives. Therefore, the switch from incandescent to LED is a vital business decision, and in light of the impending halogen phase-out across the EUxbqtdzrbtvavsddwcdbsdvfcdx, it demands immediate attention.

The European Union has long been committed to fighting climate change and in 2009 it announced bold plans to reduce energy use by 20% by 2020. With 39% of a commercial property’s electricity consumed by lighting, according to the US Department of Energy, and 50% of lighting deemed highly inefficient, it’s easy to understand why this energy source has such an important role to play. What’s more, the Committee of Climate Change has reported that energy companies are predicted to drive up bills by 30% by 2030 in response to the European Commission’s drive for energy-efficient operations.

Version:1.0 StartHTML:000000314 EndHTML:000290936 StartFragment:000286127 EndFragment:000290802 StartSelection:000286127 EndSelection:000290798 SourceURL:https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/print/volume-15/issue-8/features/last-word/halogen-lighting-heads-into-the-sunset-while-leds-are-on-the-rise.html

Between 2009 and 2012, EU Eco-Design measures saw the gradual removal of clear incandescent lamps from the market, as well as those lamps previously defined as special purpose (incandescent rough service, high/low temperature, and clear glass decorative filament). The use of halogen directional mains‐voltage and low‐voltage lamps (GU10, PAR, R-type) was then outlawed in 2016.

The final deadline designed to bring the industry closer to meeting the energy strategy came into play on Sept. 1. This will see mains-voltage non-directional halogen lamps banned, marking the phasing out of almost all halogen lighting. Refrigerator and oven lamps, halogen capsules, linear R7s bulbs, and low-voltage halogen lamps such as MR16 will remain available.

According to the European Commission, in 2018 the switch to energy-efficient lamps will result in total annual energy savings that match the annual electricity consumption of the whole of Portugal (48.0 TWh of electricity). This means a savings of 15.2 million metric tonnes of CO2 emissions by 2025.

Replacing halogen with LED is not a new development. Many users have already benefited from upgrading their lighting. However, LEDs still only make up 10% of lighting systems globally due to the legacy of incandescent and halogen, leaving room for change. With that said, LED is predicted to become the predominant source of lighting over the next decade.

In addition to being significantly more energy efficient, LED lamps offer a considerably longer service life. The average lifespan of LED is said to be approximately 50,000 hr compared to incandescent (1000 hr), halogen (2000 hr), and compact fluorescent lamps (15,000 hr). So while many have bemoaned the cost of LEDs, given their lower energy consumption and longer lifetime, there is no debating that these lamps represent a smart investment.

LEDs have been criticized for limited diversity of color temperatures. Past LED lamps produced cold, white light that failed to mimic the warmth and ambience of halogen and incandescent alternatives.

Now, the latest leading LED solutions are capable of replicating the charm and aesthetic of traditional halogen lamps by offering a range of warm color temperatures to create soft, relaxed, and elegant atmospheres in residential or hospitality applications.

Newer-generation LED lamps also come with high-performance glare-control optics, improving the delivery of light and helping to increase productivity and wellness in offices. And leading ranges come with enhanced flexibility — a key consideration particularly for retail settings. Many lamps feature adjustable beam angles to provide high-quality light that draws attention to specific areas in stores to boost sales. They also allow for accommodating future changes to store layout and design trends.

The drive toward more energy-efficient lighting has been met with apprehension by some. But the latest LED developments promise to ensure that end users can still achieve the look and feel of halogen while realizing the long-term value that LED has to offer.

SIMON REED is general manager of the Global FMG business unit for Sylvania. His professional career extends across well-known telecommunications and lighting businessess, including Alcatel-Lucent and Eaton's former Cooper Lighting business. He joined Havells Sylvania in the UK in 2014 as vice president of sales & marketing  - EMEA and later became VP of the EMEA region for Feilo Sylvania after the parent, Shanghai Feilo Acoustics Co., Ltd. (FACs), acquired the business from Havells Holdings Limited. Sylvania is the lead brand of Feilo's Sylvania Lighting group, which provides consumer, professional, and architectural lighting products.

Why Title 24 Compliance is Important

In recent years, utility companies have been hard at work to identify new ways to reduce both the cost and consumption of energy. State-mandated policies such as California’s Building Code, Title 24, have been instrumental for these initiatives.

Title 24 mandates that, by 2030, all new nonresidential construction must meet zero net energy (ZNE) requirements, which means a building cannot emit more energy than it produces. Additionally, Title 24 compliance may be required in existing non-residential buildings  in the event of certain lighting alterations. Every three years the California Energy Commission (CEC) updates Part 6 of Title 24 in order to continuously reduce energy consumption and stay on track with the state’s ZNE goals. View the free Title 24 compliance webinar here. 

How Does the IIoT Deliver Real-World Value?

Posted on June 4, 2018

Digital Lumens

People often talk about the Internet of Things (IoT) as a Jetsons-style future state, but the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is already delivering real-world value, to a wide range of commercial, and industrial businesses. Retailers, for example, use beacon technologies that communicate with customers’ smartphones to provide location-specific offers and promotions, enhance the effectiveness of these programs and delivering a new source of data-driven intelligence on consumer behaviors.

Meanwhile, fleet operators are using sensor data to track delivery vehicles and improve the overall efficiency of logistical operations. Yet as interesting as some of these applications are, the larger potential for the IIoT is to deliver wholly new ways to leverage technology for increased productivity. IIoT solutions combine smart sensors and software applications to create smart buildings.

The installation of intelligent LED lighting containing embedded sensors paired with a lighting software application can achieve up to 90% in energy savings. Facility-wide environmental monitoring enables temperature and relative humidity readings to safeguard perishable products and improve workplace comfort. Usage data indicates when machinery or a facility itself needs preventative maintenance, helping to reduce downtime and unexpected repair challenges and costs.

The wide-ranging adaptability of IIoT technology provides great opportunities for businesses. Regardless of your industry or facility type, IIoT solutions seamlessly pivot for varying production schedules, environmental conditions, and more.

For example, foot traffic data insights can inform decisions about the best location for inventory storage units or if a change to regulatory temperature levels occurs, the smart building technology will alert you. IIoT automation is designed to evolve with changes in your facility and business.

This blog post is excerpted from the white paper, “How the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Can Improve Your Business Operations,” which can be downloaded in full through the button below.

5 Common Questions About the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

New to IoT? Here are answers to some of the most common IIoT questions from industry leader Digital Lumens

What do a robotic vacuum cleaner and industrial LED fixtures with embedded sensors have in common? Both operate using the Internet of Things (IoT), a revolutionary network of connected objects driven by sensors which output data into corresponding software applications. Beyond the consumer IoT (wearable fitness trackers, automated home thermostats, and more) is the IoT’s place in the industrial business world called the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Manufacturers and other standard production environments are set to adopt IIoT technology at massive rates, with one report forecasting manufacturing to make up one-fourth of the total IoT market by 2020.

Even though the IIoT can greatly improve your operational efficiency while reducing overhead costs, many decision makers have questions about the available technology, how to introduce it, and how it can benefit their business.

Here are answers to some of the most common IIoT questions:

1. What is a Smart Building?

A smart building is a facility containing sensors throughout which connect to a secure and shared network (the IIoT) for the purpose of generating data insights to inform operational improvements. The sensors monitor specific functions like lighting usage, power metering, temperature and relative humidity levels, activity level around specific assets and predictive maintenance on machinery. The centralized server or cloud-based platform stores, analyzes and, sends the data to a user-friendly software application where facility managers can view a range of historical and real-time data points to maximize energy savings and efficiency.

With a smart building system, organizations save manpower through the automation of manual tasks like walking through a facility with a clipboard to write down environmental conditions. IIoT connectivity also allows facility managers to evaluate insights not generated by manual tracking like employee foot traffic patterns or the best locations to store inventory which can inform lighting usage and make working processes more productive.

2. What are Best Practices for Introducing Smart Building and IIoT Solutions?

With so much potential opportunity, it can be difficult to know where to start with an IIoT implementation. The best approach is for facility managers, sustainability managers, or EHS managers to identify a small pilot project that will demonstrate the effectiveness of one IIoT solution such as, energy savings, facility-monitoring or asset tracking. Many pilot projects focus on sensor-driven lighting because it yields tangible results in a relatively short time period. Whether you have a food and beverage processing plant, warehouse or manufacturing facility, intelligent lighting can produce optimal results in a pilot project.

For those spearheading a pilot project, it is crucial to set and meet specific goals in order to demonstrate the value and potential of smart building technology. For example, if testing the effectiveness of sensor-driven LED lighting coupled with a software application lighting control like SiteWorx Tune over a manufacturing production line, some key measurements to note before and after the pilot test are:

• Energy savings

• Energy usage

• Productivity levels

Based on facility specifications, smart building solution providers can guide you in launching and setting goals to maximize results of your pilot test.

3. Why is Lighting a Key Part of the IIoT?

The implementation of industrial LED lighting fixtures with embedded sensors is a common first step for many enterprises investing in IIoT technology. These sensor-laden lighting fixtures working in tandem with software application controls often yield the quickest return on your investment. Given that they are evenly spread out across a facility, the IIoT-enabled lighting fixtures are the ideal source for instrumenting a broader smart building network that can easily expand to non-lighting applications like power monitoring, machine usage and, facility environmental conditions.

If a full lighting upgrade isn’t in the plans, your existing light fixtures can be connected to the IIoT for a fraction of the costs. Digital Lighting Agents (DLAs) contain smart sensors, affix to virtually any LED light fixture and, deliver actionable facility data to smart building software applications.

4. How Do I Use the Data Generated From the IIoT?

Your IIoT solution is set up. The sensors are deployed and communicating their findings to a software application you check multiple times a day on your desktop and smartphone. How can all of the data be used to improve your facility and operations?

It depends on how you plan to use the data. McKinsey reported:

“Currently, most IoT data are not used. For example, on an oil rig that has 30,000 sensors, only 1 percent of the data are examined. That’s because this information is used mostly to detect and control anomalies—not for optimization and prediction, which provide the greatest value.”

If your main goal is to spot potential problems, it’s possible you may not need to look at all of the data insights. With optimization of processes and facilities, the data often requires a closer look.

While there will be a lot of data, smart building solutions software like SiteWorx, make it a lot easier to understand and leverage for facility improvements. On the SiteWorx dashboard, there are options to analyze real-time data, compare to current findings to historical data and view results in a variety of formats including charts, bar graphs, line graphs and diagrams. The software is a simple and intuitive tool meant for facility and operations professionals to spot trends and anomalies. Of course, it is important to remember data analyzation basics like comparing similar data sets or apples to apples, normalizing data and getting help from analysts or consultants for large projects like database restructuring.

5. Can My Business Afford to Implement an IIoT System?

Many companies operate on tight budgets in order to maximize profit margins within a competitive market spaces. Industrial lighting solutions are a good starting point thanks to their rapid payback.

Smart lighting software applications like SiteWorx Tune working with with sensor-driven industrial LED fixtures can yield up to 90% in energy savings. Using lighting strategies built into the software application such as dimming, daylight harvesting, and off-hour setback are large contributors to energy savings.

Intelligent lighting isn’t the only way the IIoT can help businesses justify the technology investment. Facility-wide monitoring functions including temperature and relative humidity readings, power load usage, and occupancy patterns allow managers to check conditions and activity 24 hours a day. This around the clock access allows operations managers to proactively prevent events like a burst pipe in a low-touch auxiliary room, temperatures falling below a regulatory level, and, machines running at a high power and wasting energy. The savings from protecting your facility and product from these events can be significant.

The IIoT offers unprecedented opportunity for industrial businesses. As hype builds and competitors adopt the technology, it is important to educate yourself on how it can benefit your organization.

LED Lighting Cuts Carbon Dioxide Emissions By Half a Billion Tons in 2017

Source: www.semiconductor-today.com

“4 January 2018

LED lighting cuts carbon dioxide emissions by half a billion tons in 2017
The use of LEDs to illuminate buildings and outdoor spaces reduced the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of lighting by an estimated 570 million tons in 2017 (equivalent to shutting down 162 coal-fired power plants), according to analyst firm IHS Markit. LED lighting uses an average of 40% less power than fluorescents, and 80% less than incandescents, to produce the same amount of light.

“The efficiency of LEDs is essentially what makes them environmentally friendly,” comments Jamie Fox, principal analyst, lighting & LEDs group. “Therefore, LED conversion is unlike other measures, which require people to reduce consumption or make lifestyle changes.”

LED component and lighting companies were responsible for reducing the global carbon (CO2e) footprint by an estimated 1.5% in 2017, and that is likely to continue to grow as more LEDs are installed worldwide, says IHS Markit.

Another environmental benefit is that LEDs have a longer life span than traditional bulbs and fewer are produced, so the emissions and pollution associated with the production, shipping, sale and disposal of the products is reduced. Secondly, unlike fluorescents, LEDs do not contain mercury. LEDs also decrease air pollution, since most electrical energy is still generated by burning fossil fuels. “While other activities affect climate change more than lighting does, it is still a very strong contribution from a single industry sector,” Fox says.



IHS Markit has tracked the market share for top LED component suppliers for many years. Based on an analysis of this data, Nichia can claim credit for having saved the most carbon overall — accounting for 10% of all LED lighting reduction achieved in 2017, which translates into 57 million tons of CO2 (about the same as 16 coal plants). Cree followed Nichia with 8%, while Lumileds, Seoul Semiconductor, MLS, Samsung and LG Innotek each have a share of 4-7%.

Savings achieved by each company relate to the energy saved by the use of its components while installed in lighting applications. It does not include a whole lifecycle analysis, which would likely lead to a small additional positive benefit, due to the longer life of LEDs.

“LED component companies and lighting companies have transformed their industry,” Fox comments. “They are fighting climate change much more effectively than other industries, and they should be given credit for it. Unlike in other industry sectors, workers at LED companies can honestly say that by selling more of their products, they are helping to reduce global warming.”

IHS Markit notes that its figures are only based on the lighting market. They do not include energy saved by LEDs that replaced other technologies in other sectors, such as automotive and consumer technology.”